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Three-dimensional. Descriptive of a region of space that has width, height and depth, normally described in terms of X, Y, Z axes.
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3D rendering is the 3D computer graphics process of automatically converting 3D wire frame models into 2D images with 3D photorealistic effects on a computer.
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The Acrobat application by Adobe Systems, with rich features for viewing, processing, editing and validating PDF documents. Acrobat is commercial software for a price, unlike the free Adobe Reader.
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The freely available PDF viewing application, including the facility to view 3D on desktop platforms.
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Caretesian coordinate system is normally defined by X,Y,Z orthogonal coordinate system axes defining any point in 3D space.
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Geographic Coordinate System, non-projected 3D coordinate on the earth.
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A geodetic coordinate systems defines locations by latitude, longitude and elevation .
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An extended variant of typical TIFF raster image format, including a geospatial coordinate header.
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A variation on the VRML file format containing 3D geometric model information, with the added features of specifying geospatial location and projection information.
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Also known as ECMAscript or JS, an open text interpreted programming language for scripting. The PDF environment includes both a document/page JavaScript engine, and a 3D JavaScript engine.
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A point or volume that emits light
onto a 3D object. Types of light
supported within 3D packages
include Point lights, which emit light
in all directions from a single point;
Spot lights, which emit light in a
cone; Distant or Directional lights,
which emit light rays in parallel,
illuminating all surfaces within a
scene; and Area lights, which emit
light from two-dimensional surfaces
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Lighting serves a basic function of bringing out, or pushing back the shapes of objects visible from the camera's view. It gives a two-dimensional image on the monitor an illusion of the third dimension-depth.
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The surface geometry of a 3D model,
made up of a series of linked
geometry elements such as polygons,
patches or NURBS surfaces.
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Used as a verb, to model means to
build a 3D object. Used as a noun, it means the 3D object created as the
end product of the modelling
process. A variety of different
methods are used in 3D modelling,
including polygonal, NURBS, Sub-D
and metaball techniques.
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To render out the lighting or surface
attributes of a scene as separate
images, with a view to compositing them together later. Multi-pass
rendering can be used simply to
speed up the rendering process, or in
order to develop the look of a scene
by compositing the different passes
together in various permutations.
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Imaginary lines drawn from the
centre of a polygon (or other geometry
object) at right angles to the surface.
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A generic term describing any item
that can be inserted into and
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Without lights, the objects in a 3D scene will not display on rendering. The terminology of
CG lighting, and the techniques it employs, are similar to that of real-world cinematography manipulated within a 3D scene. Models, lights, particle emitters and
cameras are all objects.
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Projected Coordinate System, normally a mapping between actual 3D earth locations and 2D map projection. UTM zone, EPSG codes are typical ways to specify a projection.
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Portable Document Format file format defined in ISO 32000‐2, an international standard. This is fully independent from its origins at Adobe Systems.
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ISO 24517 specifies a restricted subset of conditions on the PDF file format standard ISO 32000 for the exchange and archiving of engineering documentation.
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A geometry element formed by
connecting three or more points. A
triangle, or three-point polygon, is
the simplest form of polygonal
geometry. Polygonal modelling is a
fast, intuitive method of creating 3D
objects, but does not easily generate
smooth curved surfaces.
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Product Representation Compact, the latest and preferred method to encode 3D model data within a binary stream in a 3D PDF file. PRC is described by ISO 14739-1:2014.
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The process by which a two-dimensional
texture map is applied
over the surface of a three-dimensional
object, as if it were an overlooks, such as shadows, reflections and post-process effects.
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The process or method of producing a virtual computer graphics usually for imaging for exclusively referring to industries in gaming, entertainment, multimedia arts and some Applied Fields of Studies such as CAD.
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The mathematical process of
calculating how a model’s surfaces
react to light. A variety of alternative
algorithms can be used for the task,
including Phong, Lambert, and Blinn
shading models. Shaders are often
built up as node-based shading trees,
with each node controlling a specific
aspect of the process.
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Tessellation techniques are often used to manage datasets of polygons and divide them into suitable structures for rendering.
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A bitmap image that is applied to the
surface of 3D object to give it detail.
Texture maps may be either
photographic images or procedural
textures, and may be applied in each
of the material channels of an object
using a variety of mapping or
projection methods.
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For real-time rendering, the data is tessellated into triangles, which is referred to as triangulation.
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Universial 3D Format, one of the data structures used to store 3D models as binary data streams within a PDF document.
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Projected geospatial coordinate system based on either UTM or UPS projection methodologies. UTM defines the earth surface in rectangular zones. This has the advantage that coordinate definitions can be more accurately defined, relative to the origin of the zone, rather than the whole earth.
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Vertex Colored Texture is a common usage scenario that combines lighting, vertex color, and texture colors to create a final color output for each pixel via interpolation.
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Virtual Reality Modeling Language is a standard file format for representing 3-dimensional (3D) interactive vector graphics, designed particularly with the World Wide Web in mind.
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A shading method in which a simple
grid of lines is used to represent the
basic contours of the underlying
model. For many 3D artists, this is a
favoured mode to work in, since it
permits them to see faces and
surfaces that would otherwise be
hidden by overlying geometry.
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Extensible Markup Language, defining file format syntax, used for export and import parameter settings. File extension is often .xml